Circuit and method for using capacitive touch to further secure information in rfid documents

ABSTRACT

A system for limiting access to confidential information including storage circuitry for storing the confidential information. An access enabling circuit allows access to the storage circuitry in response to a first level of an enabling signal. A processor generates the enabling signal for a predetermined amount of time in response to sensing of a change of a predetermined value that is produced in response to an act by a person responsible for the confidentiality of the confidential information. The enabling signal assumes a second level after the predetermined amount of time to block access to the storage circuitry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/491,101, filed Sep. 19, 2014, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to preventing unauthorized access to RFID (RadioFrequency Identification) documents such as passports, and moreparticularly to circuitry incorporated in passports and otherconfidential documents to prevent unauthorized RFID access to themunless certain conditions are met.

The term RFID refers to the wireless use of radio-frequencyelectromagnetic fields to transfer data to automatically identify ortrack RFID “tags” or electronic labels on various objects. The RFID tagscontain electronically stored information and may be powered up and reador interrogated at short distances by electromagnetic fields. Unlike abarcode, an RFID tag does not need to be within line of sight of an RFIDreader, and may be embedded within an object to be accessed andinterrogated. RFID typically uses an electronic chip which is affixed tothe object to be accessed and typically contains identificationinformation and other information which may be read, recorded, orrewritten. An RFID reader can provide the surge of power needed to “wakeup” the access control circuitry in the electronic chip, read thepassport data, and then go back to a “sleep state” or an “off state”. AnRFID system uses RFID tags attached to or embedded within objects to beaccessed/identified. RFID readers include transmitter-receivers, i.e.,transceivers, for transmitting a signal to the tag and receiving andreading a response of the RFID chip. To start operation of a “passive”RFID chip, it must be powered by the signal transmitted by an RFIDreader, wherein that transmitted signal has a power level roughly threetimes stronger than would be required only for RFID tag identification.

Unfortunately, unauthorized access to typical RFID-based documents canbe accomplished by means of any nearby RFID reader that is sufficientlyclose that its transmitted signal can “wake up” the RFID chip or tag ofthe document and thereby access data stored in it. Due to the nature ofRFID reading, any accessing of the RFID chip requiring less than a halfsecond can be transparent to the document user. A typical RFID tagrequires 30-50 (microwatts) to operate.

An RFID chip typically includes an antenna, a circuit for producing DCpower from the RF signals transmitted by the RFID reader in order topower up the RFID chip, a transceiver for modulating and demodulatingthe RF signal, and integrated circuitry for storing and processingdigital information. The tag information is stored in a non-volatilememory. The RFID tag may also include identification data storagecircuitry. In operation, the RFID reader transmits an encoded RF signalto the RFID chip to interrogate it. The RFID chip receives and decodesthe RF signal and then responds by transmitting stored identificationinformation and possibly other information back to the RFID reader.

RFID tags included in recent US passports typically store the sameinformation that is printed within the passport and also store a digitalpicture of the passport owner. Unfortunately, the stored information isvulnerable to unauthorized “skimming” or eavesdropping of the RFID tag.In order to make it more difficult for nearby unauthorized RFID readersto “skim” information in a RFID passport tag while the passport isclosed, a thin metal lining or shield has been included in or around thepassports. However, this approach has been unsatisfactory in some casesbecause of its costs and also because of various user complianceproblems. For example, some people either lose the passports or forgetto replace the shields on the passports after removing them to allowthem to be accessed by a RFID reader. In some cases the shields are sothin that they tear easily, and sometimes people simply fail to usethem. Another method of preventing unauthorized reading of RFID tags insecure documents is by use of cryptography, which typically is complexand costly. Complex biometric passports (also known as digitalpassports) use contactless smart card technology including amicroprocessor and antenna embedded in the cover or a center page of thepassport, but these are costly and also unsatisfactory in some cases. Ifcryptography is utilized in every RFID-based passport or document, thecryptography needs to be complex and the associated calculations requirea large amount of relatively expensive computing power.

Thus, there is an unmet need for a convenient and inexpensive way toprevent unauthorized access to a RFID-based document or a passport byanyone who has a RFID reader that is sufficiently close to the documentor passport to effectively scan its RFID code.

There also is an unmet need for a convenient and inexpensive way toprovide restricted access to a passport with RFID by anyone who has aRFID reader that is sufficiently close to the passport to scan its RFIDcode.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a convenient and inexpensiveway to prevent unauthorized access to a passport with RFID by anyone whohas a RFID reader that is sufficiently close to the passport to scan itsRFID code.

It is another object of the invention to provide a convenient andinexpensive way to provide restricted access to a passport with RFID byanyone who has a RFID reader that is sufficiently close to the passportto scan its RFID code.

Briefly described, and in accordance with one embodiment thereof, theinvention provides a system (9,22) for limiting access to confidentialinformation including storage circuitry (14,22) for storing theconfidential information. An access enabling circuit (9) allows accessto the storage circuitry (14,22) in response to a first level (“1”) ofan enabling signal (ENABLE). A processor (22) generates the enablingsignal (ENABLE) for a predetermined amount of time in response tosensing of a change of a predetermined value that is produced inresponse to an act by a person responsible for the confidentiality ofthe confidential information. The enabling signal (ENABLE) assumes asecond level (“0”) after the predetermined amount of time to blockaccess to the storage circuitry (14,22).

In one embodiment, the invention provides a system (9,22) for limitingaccess to confidential information, including storage circuitry (14,22)for storing the confidential information; an access enabling circuit (9)for allowing access to the storage circuitry (14,22) in response to afirst level (“1”) of an enabling signal (ENABLE); and a processor (22)for generating the enabling signal (ENABLE) for a predetermined amountof time in response to sensing of a change of a predetermined value thatis produced in response to an act by a person responsible for theconfidentiality of the confidential information, the enabling signal(ENABLE) assuming a second level (“0”) after the predetermined amount oftime to block access to the storage circuitry (14,22). In oneembodiment, the change of the predetermined value is produced inresponse to a physical act by the person responsible for theconfidentiality of the confidential information.

In one embodiment, the access enabling circuit (9) includes an RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) circuit (9) including a transceiver(10) and also includes an RFID tag (14) which is included in the storagecircuitry (14,22). The RFID circuit (9) includes an enabling input forreceiving the enabling signal. In one embodiment, the RFID circuit (9)is awakened and powered by energy received from a RFID reader (3).

In one embodiment, the predetermined value is a capacitive value, thesystem including capacitance sensing (CapSense) circuitry (24) forsensing the capacitance value and determining an amount of change in thecapacitive value, wherein the processor and the capacitance sensingcircuitry (24) are part of a microcontroller (22).

In one embodiment, the confidential information, the RFID circuit (9),and the microcontroller (22) are embedded in an RFID-based passport (5).

In one embodiment, the RFID circuit (9) receives a wirelessinterrogation signal from an RFID reader (3) by means of an antenna(11), the antenna (11) being coupled to a rectifier circuit (17) whichproduces power to awaken and operate the microcontroller (22).

In one embodiment, the system includes a battery (20) which providespower to operate the microcontroller (22).

In one embodiment, at least part of the confidential information iscontained in a secure package/container, wherein another part of theconfidential information, the RFID circuit (9), and the microcontroller(22) are in the secure package/container (15-1)

In one embodiment, the capacitive value is a capacitance associated witha conductive trace (16-1) which is embedded in a RFID passport (5)including the confidential information.

In one embodiment, the microcontroller (22) operates to count a numberof times the confidential information has been accessed to indicatewhether the number of times indicates a security breach.

In one embodiment, the confidential information is contained in anelectronic document (14,22). The electronic document is stored in awireless digital device (5) which communicates in accordance with apredetermined communication framework.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for limiting wirelessdigital access to confidential information in a wireless digital device(5), the method including storing the confidential information instorage circuitry (14,22) in the wireless digital device (5); operatinga processor (22) to generate an enabling signal (ENABLE) for apredetermined amount of time in response to sensing of a change of apredetermined value of a quantity that is produced in response to an actby a person responsible for the confidentiality of the confidentialinformation, the enabling signal (ENABLE) having one level (“0”) afterthe predetermined amount of time to block access to the storagecircuitry (14,22); and allowing wireless digital access to the storagecircuitry (14,22) in response to another level (“1”) of the enablesignal (ENABLE).

In one embodiment, the wireless device is provided as a RFID (radiofrequency identification) device (5).

In one embodiment, the predetermined value is a capacitive value, themethod including utilizing capacitance sensing circuitry (24) forsensing the capacitance value and determining an amount of change in thecapacitive value, wherein the processor and the capacitance sensingcircuitry (24) are part of a microcontroller (22).

In one embodiment, the method includes embedding the confidentialinformation, the RFID circuit (9), and the microcontroller (22) in anRFID-based passport (5).

In one embodiment, the method includes storing the confidentialinformation as an electronic document (14,22), and storing theelectronic document in a wireless digital device (5) which communicatesin accordance with a predetermined communication framework.

In one embodiment, the invention includes a system for limiting wirelessdigital access to confidential information in a wireless digital device(5), including means (14,22) for storing the confidential information inthe wireless digital device (5); processing means (22) for generating anenabling signal (ENABLE) for a predetermined amount of time in responseto sensing of a change of a predetermined value of a quantity that isproduced in response to an act by a person responsible for theconfidentiality of the confidential information, the enabling signal(ENABLE) having one level (“0”) after the predetermined amount of timeto block access to the storage circuitry (14,22); and means (9) forallowing wireless digital access to the storage circuitry (14,22) inresponse to another level (“1”) of the enable signal (ENABLE).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system including a capacitive touchenabling system for preventing unauthorized scanning of an RFIDpassport.

FIG. 2 a functional block diagram of the microcontroller in block 22 ofFIG. 1.

FIGS. 3A-D are diagrams that show conductive traces of a touch capacitorwhich is embedded in a passport, a secure document, or its container.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a state machine that represents operation of themicrocontroller in block 22 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a basic algorithm implemented by themicrocontroller in block 22 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a more detailed flowchart of the algorithm shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart that shows a variation of the algorithm shown inFIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments of the invention protect information in aRFID-accessible document, e.g., a passport, by preventing it from beingaccessed or read by an RFID reader unless the document has first beentouched, opened, or otherwise handled by the person in possession of thedocument in some way that “enables” it or “resets” it to allowinformation in the document to be accessed. The present invention thusprevents unauthorized access to the document, even if the RFID readertransmits sufficient power, by requiring the RFID circuitry embedded inthe document to be “enabled” by the person in possession of the RFIDdocument before it can be “powered up” in response to the signaltransmitted by the RFID reader. For example, the RFID circuitry may beenabled if the person in possession of the passport or document touchesa sense capacitor that is embedded in the document or physically opensthe document or actuates a switch in or associated with the document.For example, there also may be a physical requirement for the person inpossession of a passport to keep the passport open during scanning bythe RFID reader to thereby indicate a need and intent by the passportholder to allow access to the contents of the RFID tag of the RFIDcircuitry. Such measures may effectively prevent unauthorized access tothe contents of the RFID passport.

Alternatively, a circuit somewhat analogous to RFID chip 9 but operativein accordance with a different suitable communications framework couldbe embedded in a cover of a package or case containing a device such asa smart phone or a computer such as a digital tablet so as to allowother kinds of wireless access such as Wi-Fi access, 4G access, or GPScommunication with the device.

In FIG. 1, a secure document identification system 1 includes aconventional RFID reader 3 which attempts to access information in anRFID passport 5 (or other secure document). Passport 5 includes aconventional RFID chip 9 embedded in a cover or disposed on a sheet ofpassport 5. RFID chip 9 includes a transceiver 10, an RFID tag or label14, and an antenna 11. RFID reader 3 may be either authorized orunauthorized to access information from RFID tag 14 or any other part ofpassport 5. An ultra-low-power microcontroller, which may be acommercially available Texas Instruments Wolverine ultra-low-powermicrocontroller, part number MSP430FR59xx (where the “xx” indicates theclass of the microcontroller), is embedded in the cover or a sheet ofpassport 5. Microcontroller 22 includes a peripheral capacitancebio-sensor or capsense circuit 24 which is capable of sensing changes inan external capacitance 30 embedded in or associated with the cover orpages of passport 5 caused by a person touching or opening passport 5.

Microcontroller 22 generates an enable signal “ENABLE” on conductor 26,which is connected to an enable input of RFID chip 9 if a detectedchange in the above mentioned external capacitance exceeds apredetermined level and therefore indicates that the person possessingpassport 5 wishes to allow the nearby RFID reader 3 to wirelessly enableRFID chip 9 and also allow information stored in chip 9 and in otherparts of passport 5 to be accessed by RFID reader 3. Microcontroller 22may be powered by a voltage V_(DD) produced by a rectifier circuit 17,the input of which is connected to transceiver antenna 11 in response toa sufficiently strong RF signal from the nearby RFID reader 3 andreceived by antenna 11. Alternatively, microcontroller 22 may be poweredby a lithium battery 20. As indicated by dotted line 18A, the outputV_(DD) of rectifier 17 could also be utilized to charge lithium battery20.

If RFID chip 9 is enabled, i.e., turned ON by a “high” level of thesignal ENABLE, it can receive instructions and commands from RFID reader3 and, in response to the instructions and/or commands, it can transmitdata stored in RFID tag 14 and/or microcontroller 22 back to RFID reader3. RFID chip 9 can communicate with microcontroller 22 via a digitalsignal path 19. When the ENABLE signal is “low” the entire RFID chip 9is turned OFF and does not consume an unacceptably large amount ofpower.

At this point, it will be convenient to briefly describe the structureand operation of the Texas instruments Wolverine MSP430FR59xxultra-low-power microcontroller 22. Referring to FIG. 2, which shows afunctional block diagram of the MSP430FR59xx, microcontroller 22includes a microprocessor unit 22-1, a random access memory 22-2, powermanagement circuitry 22-3, timer registers 22-4, a multi-channel ADC(analog to digital converter) 22-5, and a number of capacitive touchinput/output ports 22-26 (included in block 24 in FIG. 1) connected tocorresponding external capacitive touch port conductors. (This is all inaddition to the usual DMA controller, CPU, electrically erasable memory,bus control logic, clock generation circuitry, encryption/decryptioncircuitry etc., of a typical state-of-the-art integrated circuitmicrocontroller.) The fact that microcontroller 22 is a ultra-low-powermicrocontroller means that it can remain in a “hibernate” or extremelylow power state or in an OFF state for a very long time interval andthen “wake up”, perform various functions, and then go back into itssleep or hibernation state, and thereby use a very small amount of powerover that long time interval.

The very low power consumption of the MSP430FR59xx microcontroller 22makes it suitable for long-term microcontroller implementations whichare required to be intermittently operable over a very long amount oftime while being powered only by a small battery or other low powersource. In addition to its very low-power characteristics, theMSP430FR59xx microcontroller 22 also includes capacitive touchinput/output (I/O) ports that may, for example, be connected to shortcopper traces or micro-wire traces that are connected to the capacitiveI/O ports of MSP430FR59xx ultra-low-power microcontroller 22. TheMSP430FR59xx microcontroller 22 is able to detect capacitances andcompute capacitance changes that occur in devices or circuitry connectedto any of its I/O ports. For example, microcontroller 22 can sense thecapacitance change that occurs when a human finger touches a coppertrace embedded in an RFID passport. As another example, microcontroller22 can sense the change in capacitance between separate copper tracesthat occur as a result of opening and/or closing a RFID passport and/orcan recognize a sensed capacitance or capacitance change correspondingto an open state or a closed state of the RFID passport 5. TheMSP430FR59xx microcontroller 22 can accomplish this by “remembering” theprevious capacitance value, comparing it with a corresponding presentcapacitance value, and computing the difference between them.

The MSP430FR59xx microcontroller 22 can be “calibrated” based on variousdifferent “prototypes”. Example, if thin copper traces are embedded orformed on adjacent sheets of a RFID passport (or other secure RFIDdocument) and the capacitance between the embedded copper traces ismeasured when the sheets are touching each other and also is measuredwhen the sheets are not touching (while the passport is opened); thatinformation can be used to calibrate microcontroller 22 and the passportin which the microcontroller 22 is embedded. The “calibrating” ofmicrocontroller 22 includes calculating capacitances of the documents ormaterials used in the documents.

A typical wakeup time for microcontroller 22 from a deep sleep state isfrom roughly 5 to 8 μs to as high as roughly 150 μs (microseconds). Notethat the parameters of microcontroller 22 which are very importantinclude first, the amount of power consumed during both themicrocontroller's sleep mode and its active mode because they stronglyaffect battery life if a battery is used, and second, the amount of timerequired for microcontroller 22 to “wake up”, because this amount oftime affects the response time of RFID passport 5 to an interrogationsignal received from RFID reader 3. (Note that the MSP430FR59xxmicrocontroller 22 has multiple selectable low-power states, all ofwhich require different amounts of time for microcontroller 22 to wakeup, so determining battery power usage versus microcontroller wakeuptime is a trade-off that can be dealt with by selecting which low-powerstate to utilize. Microcontroller 22 can cycle between the variouslow-power states as it performs different functions.)

In its active mode, microcontroller 22 requires approximately 100 μA(microamperes) of current per megahertz of operating speed. For 10 MHZoperation, microcontroller 22 requires 1 mA (milliamperes) of operatingcurrent for approximately 10 seconds. In its standby mode, in whichmicrocontroller 22 typically spends nearly all of its time, its currentconsumption is only approximately 0.5 μA. For example, if RFID passport5 is opened once per day, it is in its active mode for about 10 secondsevery 24 hours, so its average current consumption is approximately0.0227 mA per hour. In this example, a 1000 mA-hour battery source wouldhave a lifetime of roughly 5 years, and a 2500 mA-hour battery wouldhave a lifetime of roughly 12 years.

The boot-up time from its off state for microcontroller 22 in thisexample is roughly one second, and its boot-up time is even less when itis waking up from a low power state. Therefore, the entire operation ofwaking up microcontroller 22 reading its capacitance sensing circuit22-6, checking the state of the document, and then enabling RFID chip 9therein may be completed in less than roughly 5 milliseconds.

The lifetime of a passport typically is 5 to 10 years or more.Therefore, if embedded microcontroller 22 is powered by a battery 20 itneeds to consume only an extremely small amount of power when in itsstandby mode. The battery (or other power source) should not addsignificant bulk or cost to RFID passport 5. In some cases, paperbatteries or the like can be used to provide the power needed for anRFID document including embedded access-control circuitry of the kinddescribed herein. (Each sheet of battery paper can generateapproximately 2.4 volts with a power density of approximately 0.6 mA persquare centimeter. For higher voltage requirements, battery paper sheetscan be stacked. Battery paper operates from −100° Fahrenheit and iscapable of delivering quick surges of current.)

It should be understood that the term “document” as used herein isintended to encompass various items, including passports, paperdocuments, and company badges, which may have a lifetime of only one ortwo years. For example, a contractor working for a company may receive asecure RFID badge which needs to be replaced every year. In such adocument or badge, a paper cell battery or the like might be adequate topower controller 22.

FIGS. 3A-D are diagrams that show one or more elements of one or moretouch capacitors (or alternatively, other types of switches and sensorelements, such as inductors) which can be “embedded” in a passport, asecure document, or its container. First, FIG. 3A illustrates theconnection of multiple capacitive sensor elements 30A embedded in one ormore sheets 15 of a RFID-based passport 5. Some of the capacitive sensorelements 30A may be embedded in different sheets. All of the capacitivesensor elements 30A are connected to corresponding ports of capacitivetouch input/output circuitry 22-6 of microcontroller 22 (FIG. 2).

FIG. 3B shows a capacitive sensor element 30-1 as a variable capacitancebetween conductive traces or micro-wires 16-1 and 16-2 in/on a sheet orcover 15-1 of RFID-based passport 5. Capacitive sensor element 30-1 isillustrated as a variable capacitance, the capacitance of which may beinfluenced by the presence of a human finger or other at least somewhatconductive element being introduced into the region of the electricalfield associated with conductive traces 16-1 and 16-2 (as subsequentlyexplained with reference to FIG. 3D). If the finger simultaneouslytouches conductive traces 16-1 and 16-2, it short-circuits traces 16-1and 16-2 together so that in essence they function as an on-off switch.

FIG. 3C shows capacitive sensor element 30-1 as the variable capacitancebetween conductive traces or micro-wires 16-1 and 16-2 in the case inwhich conductive trace 16-1 is embedded in sheet or passport cover 15-1of RFID-based passport 5 and conductive trace 16-2 is embedded in adifferent sheet 15-2 of passport 5. Capacitive sensor element 30-2 isillustrated as a variable capacitance, the capacitance of which may beinfluenced by the presence of a human finger or other somewhatconductive element being introduced into the region of the electricalfield associated with conductive traces 16-1 and 16-2.

FIG. 3D shows a perspective view of passport sheet 15-1 in which a humanfinger 28 causes a variation in the capacitance between embeddedconductive traces 16-1 and 16-2 by interrupting some of the electricfield lines 29 between those conductive traces. If finger 28 actuallytouches both of conductive traces 16-1 and 16-2, that short-circuitsthem together as if they were terminals of a mechanical switch.

Conductive metal traces or micro-wires such as conductors 16-1 and 16-2in FIGS. 3B and 3C are formed on or deposited on embedded in pages 15-1and/or 15-2 of RFID passport 5. These metal traces or micro-wires may beformed, for example, on one or two pages of passport 5, as shown, andmay be coupled to input/output terminals of capacitive touch I/O port22-6 in FIG. 2. The capacitance between copper traces 16-1 and 16-2 inFIG. 3B varies as a human hand or finger touches them, and thecapacitance between traces 16-1 and 16-2 in the example of FIG. 3Cvaries as RFID passport 5 is opened. Therefore the capacitance changebetween the present measured value of capacitance associated with one orboth of the copper traces and a prior measured value of that samecapacitance can be computed and compared to a threshold value thatindicates whether the signal ENABLE applied by microcontroller 22 to theenable input RFID chip 9 of RFID passport 5 should be set to a “1” or“high” level to allow access by RFID reader 3 to the data on RFID tag14.

Alternatively, variable capacitance 30-1 in FIG. 3B or variablecapacitance 30-2 in FIG. 3C could be a manual switch that the person inpossession or control of the RFID passport or other secure documentcould manually or even remotely actuate to enable wireless access to thesecure passport or document.

The state machine shown in FIG. 4 defines the main action blocks or“states” of the secure document identification system shown in FIG. 1.The program executed by microcontroller 22 operates in accordance with 3separate states. The first state is the “Waiting State” designated byreference numeral 34, in which the program/algorithm waits formicrocontroller 22 to “wake up” when it is in its “hibernation” state.The second state is the STATE_OPEN state designated by reference numeral33. The third stage is the STATE_CLOSED state designated by referencenumeral 32. Upon “waking up” when sufficient energy is received from anearby RFID reader, if the condition for STATE_OPEN is met, theprogram/algorithm transitions to that state and performs a predeterminedset of actions and then returns to the Waiting State 34. However, if thecondition for STATE_OPEN is not met, the program/algorithm insteadenters the STATE_CLOSED condition designated by reference numeral 32 andcan perform a set of actions if required and then returns to the WaitingState 34.

The flowchart of FIG. 5 generally indicates how the microcontroller 22wakes up, makes decisions and takes affirmative action so as to preventunauthorized data access by RFID reader 3. In FIG. 5, theprogram/algorithm executed by microcontroller 22 waits for sufficientenergy to be received from a remote RFID reader as indicated in block40, and then wakes up microcontroller 22, as indicated in block 42. Theprogram/algorithm then proceeds to decision block 44 to determine if thecapacitive sensor 30 in FIG. 1 and the capacitor input/output circuitry24 in FIGS. 1 and 2 have captured a valid input which indicatescompletion of the required authorization act by the person in possessionor control of the RFID passport or other secure document. If thedetermination of decision block 44 is affirmative, the program operationproceeds to enable the RFID chip 9 in FIG. 1, as indicated in block 46of FIG. 5. The program/algorithm then allows access to stored data inRFID tag 14 and/or microcontroller 22, as indicated in block 48. Uponcompletion of the data access operation, the program/algorithm returnsto block 40. If the determination of decision block 44 is negative, thismeans the external capacitance or sensors have not detected a validinput representing completion of the required action by the person inpossession or control of the RFID passport. In this case, RFID chip 9remains disabled, as indicated in block 50, and access to the data inRFID passport 5 is blocked, as indicated in block 52. Theprogram/algorithm then returns to block 40.

In the case in which microcontroller 22 is powered by a battery,microcontroller 22 may be waiting in a low-power state because italready has a lithium battery providing power. Microcontroller 22 may bewaiting in a loop for RFID energy to be detected.

In the flowchart of FIG. 6, the RFID access control program executed bymicrocontroller 22 goes from entry label 54 to decision block 55 anddetermines if the RF enable signal ENABLE is at a high level. If thisdetermination is negative, the RFID access control program goes to block56 and ensures that ENABLE is at a low level so that RFID chip 9 isdisabled and will not respond to an RF signal transmitted by RFID reader3. The RFID control program then returns to label 54 and repeats.

If the determination of decision block 55 is affirmative, the programbeing executed by microcontroller 22 goes to block 58 and ensures thatthe signal ENABLE is at a high level and then measures the present (orvery recent) touch capacitance value and then computes the present touchcapacitance change by comparing the present touch capacitance with aprior value of the touch capacitance. The program then goes to decisionblock 59 and determines whether a touch or other required handling ofthe RFID passport or document by its owner has occurred. If thatdetermination is affirmative, the program ensures that ENABLE is at ahigh level which enables RFID chip 9 as indicated in block 60, andthereby temporarily allows RFID reader 3 access to data in the RFID tag14 and possibly to other data in microcontroller 22. The RFID accesscontrol program then returns to the entry point at label 54.

If the determination of decision block 59 is negative, the program goesto decision block 62 and determines whether the passport/document hasbeen opened, and if this determination is negative, the RFID accesscontrol program returns to the entry point at label 54. If thedetermination of decision block 62 is affirmative, the program returnsto block 60 and sets ENABLE to a high level.

Thus, a new additional security requirement is included along with anyother existing security requirements that must be met before RFID reader3 is allowed to access data in RFID passport 5, wherein a physical touchor physical handling that generates an additional predetermined input toRFID passport 5 is required before it will enable RFID reader 3 toaccess anything in RFID passport 5. The described embodiment of theinvention prevents access to information in the RFID passport/document 5by not allowing it to be accessed or read from an RFID-accessibledocument such as a passport without the document first being suitablytouched/handled (and thereby “enabled”) by the person in possession ofthe RFID-based document.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a RFID document/passport 5including circuitry embedded therein which must sense the opening and/orclosing or other physical handling of the RFID document before allowingaccess to the information stored therein. When the sense capacitor 30embedded in passport 5 is touched by the person in possession of theRFID document, its capacitance changes. The capacitance sensingcircuitry in microcontroller 22 senses the capacitance change. If thesensed capacitance change meets a predetermined threshold level,microcontroller 22 generates the signal ENABLE, which allows asufficiently powerful interrogation signal transmitted by RFID reader 3to “wake up” RFID chip 9 and allow information stored in RFID tag 14 tobe accessed by RFID reader 3. When RFID chip 9 “wakes up”, it can wakeup microcontroller 22 if microcontroller 22 is powered by a battery 20.If a rectifier 17 is provided, it can wake up microcontroller 22 andprovide operating power to it. In one embodiment, the microcontroller 22embedded in the passport or document 5 is powered wirelessly by thesignal sent by RFID reader 3. In another embodiment, the embeddedmicrocontroller 22 is powered by a battery 20 embedded within thepassport/document 5.

In one example, when microcontroller 22 is in its active mode, itrequires about 100 microamperes of operating current per megahertz(MHZ). For 10 MHZ operation, the current requirement of microcontroller22 in its active mode is approximately 1 milliampere for approximately10 seconds, in order to respond to an “authorized” interrogation by RFIDreader 3. In its standby mode, the current requirement ofmicrocontroller 22 is approximately 0.5 microamperes. If, for example,RFID passport 5 is opened once per day, microcontroller 22 operates inits active mode for about 10 seconds during that 24 hour interval. Inthat case, the cumulative current consumption/requirement ofmicrocontroller 22 is 0.005 milliamperes+(2.5milliamperes/0.17/24)=0.0227 milliamperes per hour. In that case, a 1000mAH (milliampere-hours) battery can adequately power microcontroller 22for roughly 5 years, and a 2500 mAH battery can adequately provide powerto microcontroller 22 for up to roughly 12 years. (Typically, a battery(if used) only provides operating power to microcontroller 22 becauseRFID chip 9 typically receives all of its operating power wirelesslyfrom RFID reader 3.)

The boot-up time for microcontroller 22 is roughly 1.5 milliseconds, andmay be even less if microcontroller 22 is booted up from a low power orstandby state. Thus, the entire operation of waking up microcontroller22, reading the touch capacitance, and computing the capacitance change,and then accordingly enabling or disabling RFID chip 9 can be completedin as little as 5 milliseconds or even less.

Electronic documents and E-books are commonly loaded into an E-readerdevice such as a smart phone, tablet or laptop, and it may be desirableto avoid un-authorized non-physical interaction with such documents. Thedescribed access control could be utilized to help to further preventunauthorized access to details of the documents or unauthorized loadingof documents without the owner first performing a physical operation ona secure E-reader device. For to example, an E-book or E-reader documentmay be sent from one person to another using a secure E-book or E-readerdevice wherein the information in the E-reader document has apredetermined lifetime that expires after a certain amount of time afterwhich the document is automatically deleted. An unauthorized wirelesstransfer of such a document that could possibly occur, for example byusing a Bluetooth data transfer mechanism, could be prevented byrequiring a similar touching or handling of the smart phone, tablet, orlaptop in order to enable a transfer of the E-book or E-reader document.

In some cases it may be advantageous to know how many times a RFID-baseddocument or passport has been accessed or opened. For example, if atop-secret document has been opened more than twice, that could suggesta possible security breach and information leak. Microcontroller 22 canbe programmed to count the number of times RFID passport 5 (or othersecure document) has been accessed or opened and provide thatinformation to a user. In the flowchart of FIG. 7 (which is the same asthe flowchart of FIG. 5 except for the addition of block 49), the secureidentification program/algorithm goes from block 48 to block 49 and, inaccordance with block 49, increments a data access counter and thenreturns to block 40. The person in possession or control of the RFIDpassport or other secure document can readily determine the number oftimes it has been accessed and then act accordingly.

In some cases, the described electronic access control system may beutilized to prevent unauthorized access to a package or container whichneeds to be physically touched or otherwise physically handled oroperated upon before RFID access to documents, passports, etc. or otherwireless access utilizing a suitable digital communication framework canbe achieved.

Thus, the described embodiments of the invention prevent hackers orother unauthorized persons from stealing/accessing information in aRFID-based document or other secure document by simply beingsufficiently close to the document to scan it with an RFID reader or thelike.

While the invention has been described with reference to severalparticular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able tomake various modifications to the described embodiments of the inventionwithout departing from its true spirit and scope. It is intended thatall elements or steps which are insubstantially different from thoserecited in the claims but perform substantially the same functions,respectively, in substantially the same way to achieve the same resultas what is claimed are within the scope of the invention. For example,changes in an inductance, rather than capacitance, located outside ofthe microcontroller chip could be measured. Furthermore, thepredetermined change in value could be caused by multiple externalconditions and is not limited to being caused by an act of a person.

For example, there could be a requirement that two separate fingerstouch two different touch spots of the document before access to an RFIDpassport or confidential document would be allowed or enabled. Also, theenable signal ENABLE in FIG. 1 could actually be a “reset” signal whichresets suitable circuitry in RFID chip 9 so as to prevent transceiver 10from responding to a signal from RFID reader 3 unless microcontroller 22determines that the person in possession of secure passport or document5 has handled it in a required manner so as to allow it to respond to asignal from RFID reader 3. Furthermore, the secure document or passport5 could contain or respond to a physical switch that could be manuallyactuated in order to allow or enable RFID chip 9 to respond to awireless request from RFID reader 3. Also, the required act or acts bythe person in possession or control of the RFID passport may require asequence of steps to be performed by that person in order to authorizewireless access to the RFID passport.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) chip, the RFID chip comprising: an RFID tag forstoring information; a power input; and an enable input; and a processorcoupled to the RFID chip, the processor configured to: operate in afirst power mode in which the processor is configured to: monitor forenergy received via an RFID signal; in response to the energy receivedvia the RFID signal, transition to a second power mode in which theprocessor consumes more power than the first power mode; and operate inthe second power mode in which the processor is configured to: inresponse to the transition to the second power mode, measure acapacitance at a capacitive sensor to sense a signal from a person; andsend an enable signal to the enable input of the RFID chip in responseto sensing the signal from the person.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinsensing the signal comprises sensing a human touch.
 3. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the RFID chip comprises a transceiver.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, wherein the transceiver of the RFID chip receives the energyreceived via the RFID signal.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: thesystem further comprises the capacitive sensor; and the processor isfurther configured to sense the signal from the person by measuring anamount of change in the capacitance at the capacitive sensor.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the RFID chip and the processor are embeddedin a passport.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the sensing of thesignal from the person comprises detecting that the passport is openbased on the capacitance at the capacitive sensor.
 8. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising: an antenna coupled to the RFID chip, theantenna for receiving a wireless interrogation signal from an RFIDreader; and a rectifier coupled to the antenna, the rectifier forproducing the energy to cause the processor to transition to the secondpower mode, in response to the antenna receiving the wirelessinterrogation signal.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein at least part ofthe information is contained in a secure container, and wherein the RFIDchip and the processor are in the secure container.
 10. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the capacitive sensor includes a conductive traceembedded in a RFID passport.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further configured to count a number of times theinformation has been accessed.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein theinformation is contained in an electronic document.
 13. The system ofclaim 12, wherein the electronic document is stored in a wirelessdigital device which communicates in accordance with a predeterminedcommunication framework.
 14. A method comprising: storing, in a radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag in an RFID chip, information, theRFID chip comprising a power input and an enable input; detecting energyreceived via a radio frequency signal by a processor operating in afirst power mode; in response to the detecting of the energy,transitioning the processor from the first power mode to a second powermode; in response to transitioning the processor from the first powermode to the second power mode, measuring a capacitance at a capacitivesensor to sense a signal from a person; and sending, by the processor tothe enable input of the RFID chip, an enabling signal, in response tosensing the signal from the person.
 15. The method of claim 14, whereinthe sensing of the signal from the person comprises determining anamount of change in the capacitance at the capacitive sensor.
 16. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the RFID chip and the processor are embeddedin an RFID-based passport.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein theinformation is stored as an electronic document in a wireless digitaldevice, wherein the wireless digital device communicates in accordancewith a predetermined communication framework.
 18. A microcontrollerconfigured to: in a hibernation mode, monitor for a wake up signal froma radio frequency identification (RFID) reader; in response to the wakeup signal, transition out of the hibernation mode; in response to thetransition out of the hibernation mode, measure a capacitance of acapacitive sensor; and send, to an enable input of an RFID chip, anenable sign, in response to the measure of the capacitance.